Theoretical cosmology pdf

Particular thanks go to Avishai Dekel Figure 2. Many people too many to name individually helped in the making of this book. I owe particular thanks to the students who took my undergraduate cosmology course at Ohio State University. Their feedback, including nonverbal feedback such as frowns and snores during lectures, greatly improved the lecture notes on which the first edition was based.

The students of the graduate cosmology course at Ohio State have assisted in the development of the second edition, by field-testing the end-of-chapter problems, proposing new problems, and acting as all-around critics of the manuscript.

Adam Black and Nancy Gee, at Pearson Addison Wesley, made possible the great leap from rough lecture notes to polished book. Vince Higgs and Rachel Cox, at Cambridge University Press, helped with the second great leap to a new, improved second edition. The reviewers of the text, in both its first and second editions, pointed out many omissions and suggested many improvements.

The first edition of this book was dedicated to Rick Pogge, who acted as my computer maven, graphics guru, personal chef, and general sanity check. Obviously, there was only one thing to do with such a paragon. Now we know a lot of numbers to within a few percent, which is just amazing. The author is described as taking the reader to the very edge of theoretical physics, in an attempt to describe the leading questions that drive quantum physics.

Black holes and wormholes are all explored. Kip Thorne was there when all of this was at its most exciting. One of the many contributions he made to theoretical physics was understanding that wormholes might be able to be turned into time machines. So if you want to know what a wormhole is, and how time machines might work, this is the book for you.

How about you? Aside from the business of time, what other issues in this area interest you? Well, we all want the same thing. We want to know the laws of nature. And what we do is we use different clues to guide us. We know that gravity is a natural force. We also know that there are particles and fields in the universe.

Some people come from the particles and fields perspective to try to put gravity into that. Others take our success with gravity that Einstein handed down, and try to make it compatible with particles and fields. People like me take the early universe, the Big Bang, and try to use that as a clue to understand the laws by which it is run. This is a very interesting book, because it is a specific issue that he is discussing, which he uses as a springboard to discuss some of the deepest features of the laws of nature.

The issue is: When black holes evaporate, as Stephen Hawking predicts that they will, does the information that went into them eventually come out, or is it completely destroyed and lost forever? If you throw an encyclopedia into a black hole, Hawking says if you wait millions of years the black hole eventually evaporates into photons scattered around the universe.

Susskind asks if you captured all those photons, could you figure out what was in the encyclopedia that was thrown into the black hole? It sounds like an incredibly narrow and technical question, but it really is at the heart of how physics works.

Is information conserved from moment to moment, or is the universe truly random? But surely if the black hole is evaporating, everything in it would evaporate as well?

But what you are asking is whether in principle — obviously not in practice — if you can get everything it evaporated into, would you be able to reconstruct it?

People have argued about this for years. The popular view now is yes, you could reconstruct the book that fell in.

We noticed that the Very Large Telescope Interferometers appears to be the most promising to test the holographic model and observations with the HST in the ultraviolet region can also be very helpful.

We used the line-of-sight comoving distance whereas they used the luminosity distance, apparently oblivious of our earlier argument why the former distance measure is the correct distance to use. We noted that time lags from distant pulsed sources have also been posited as a possible test of quantum foam models.

III Turbulence and quantum gravity [] We showed that there are deep similarities between quantum gravity and turbulence. We argued that the relation between the Kolmogorov and Kraichnan scalings in two spatial dimensions is precisely the same as the one between the string and membrane theories.

This strongly suggests that not only is string theory useful in formulating a theory of turbulence but that the physics of turbulence can provide some guidance to understanding the spacetime foam phase of strong quantum gravity. In the context of string theory, this mecha- nism points to a critical four dimensional spacetime background. All these insights are supported by what one knows from string theory.

When the PT symmetry is unbroken, the energy spectrum of the free spin- 12 theory is real, with an appropriately shifted mass. List of Papers 1. Ho, D. Minic and Y. B, D 85, , arXiv Edmonds, D. Farrah, C. Minic, Y. Ng, and T. Christiansen, Y. Ng, D. Floyd and E. Perlman, Limits on Spacetime Foam, Phys. D 83, Ng, Holographic Quantum Foam, arXiv Damour et al.

Perlman, Y. Floyd and W. Jejjala, D. Ng and C. Tze, String Theory and Turbulence, arXiv A25, Tze, Quantum Gravity and Turbulence, arXiv D19, A 28, Ng and H. He gave invited talks at the Miltonfest, the conference in Singapore, and the conference in Budva.

Miguel Perez received MA degree in physics in Ng served as the chairman of the Ph. Committee for both David Eby and Kevin Ludwick. See Report from Task B. M-H investigates both of these outstanding problems, within a new framework that extends the conventional approach to a multiverse framework. The work involves an inquiry into the foundational principles, as well as an observational analysis for guidance on these phenomena and for the testable predictions of the program.

M-H on the Selection of the Initial Conditions of the Universe, uses the landscape of string theory as the working model and it has proven quite succesful so far in terms of its testable consequences. The most recent test came in March with the Planck data release and, in Nov. Kashlinsky Astrophys. Mersini-Houghton and R. Holman JCAP , Technically, the theoretical work is car- ried out by embedding quantum mechanics into the string theory landscape.

The dynamic evolution of these wavefunctions, now given by solutions of the Master equation, Phys. Holman and T. Takahashi we used the principle of unitary evolution to derive astro- physical imprints of this theory. We conducted a thorough analysis for identifying testable predictions of this theory imprinted as low energy astrophysical signatures, in the present uni- verse originating from the earliest times Phys. Then, in [4] with R. The theory for the selection of the initial state of the universe from the landscape multiverse predicts superhorizon inhomogeneities induced by non- local entanglement of our Hubble volume with modes and domains beyond the horizon.

The Planck team seems to be in disagreement about their preliminary data analysis, however further results are expected within the next few months. As a result this work continues to receive worldwide media coverage with stories and interviews in USA, Europe, Australia etc.

But, these questions: 1 Is time a dynamic or a fundamental property of spacetime? In [1], I argued that the reasons behind the time-reversal symmetry of our physical laws, in a universe with broken time-reversal symmetry, can be understood by making the distinction between two types of time: a local emerging arrow of time in the nucleating universe and, the fundamental time with no arrow in the multiverse.

The very event of nucleation of the universe from the multiverse breaks time- reversal symmetry for the local universe, thereby inducing a locally emergent arrow. But, the new idea here is that, the laws of physics imprinted on this bubble are not emergent or processed at birth.

Instead they are inherited locally from the multiverse. Since these laws originate from the time-symmetric multiverse then they carry the property of time-reversal symmetry, [1,6].

I am also one of the co-authors, contributing a chapter to the book. Designed to help graduate students and researchers develop an understanding of the key physical processes governing stars and stellar systems, it teaches the fundamentals, and then builds on them to give the reader an in-depth understanding of advanced topics. The book's modular design allows the chapters to be approached individually, yet seamless transitions create a coherent and connected whole. It can be used alone or in conjunction with Volume I, which covers a wide range of astrophysical processes, and the forthcoming Volume III, on galaxies and cosmology.

After reviewing the key observational results and nomenclature used in stellar astronomy, the book develops a solid understanding of central concepts including stellar structure and evolution, the physics of stellar remnants, pulsars, binary stars, the sun and planetary systems, interstellar medium and globular clusters. Throughout, the reader's comprehension is developed and tested with more than seventy-five exercises.